Variants of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase affecting phosphate sensitivity and other parameters

ABSTRACT

The subject invention concerns chimeric AGP subunit proteins and polynucleotides that encode the chimeric proteins. The subject invention provides for mutant AGP enzymes comprising a chimeric subunit of the invention that are less sensitive to inorganic phosphate than wild type AGP enzymes. In one embodiment, the AGP subunit is a small subunit of a plant AGP enzyme. The subject invention also concerns plants comprising a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric AGP subunit protein of the invention. The subject invention also concerns methods for producing a plant comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention. Plants produced according to the invention comprise AGP enzymes that are less sensitive to inorganic phosphate than wild type AGP enzyme.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/338,083, filed Dec. 3, 2001.

This invention was made with government support under National Science Foundation grant number 9982626. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The enzyme ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) catalyzes the conversion of ATP and α-glucose-1-phosphate to ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate. ADP-glucose is used as a glycosyl donor in starch biosynthesis by plants and in glycogen biosynthesis by bacteria. The importance of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase as a key enzyme in the regulation of starch biosynthesis was noted in the study of starch deficient mutants of maize (Zea mays) endosperm (Tsai et al., 1966; Dickinson et al., 1969).

Biochemical and genetic evidence has identified AGP as a key enzyme in starch biosynthesis in higher plants and glycogen biosynthesis in E. coli (Preiss et al., 1994; Preiss et al., 1996). AGP catalyzes what is viewed as the initial step in the starch biosynthetic pathway with the product of the reaction being the activated glucosyl donor, ADPglucose. This is utilized by starch synthase for extension of the polysaccharide polymer (reviewed in Hannah, 1996).

Initial studies with potato AGP showed that expression in E. coli yielded an enzyme with allosteric and kinetic properties very similar to the native tuber enzyme (Iglesias et al., 1993; Ballicora et al., 1995). Greene et al. (1996a; 1996b) showed the usefulness of the bacterial expression system in their structure-function studies with the potato AGP. Multiple mutations important in mapping allosteric and substrate binding sites were identified (Okita et al., 1996).

AGP enzymes have been isolated from both bacteria and plants. Bacterial AGP consists of a homotetramer, while plant AGP from photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues is a heterotetramer composed of two different subunits. The plant enzyme is encoded by two different genes, with one subunit being larger than the other. This feature has been noted in a number of plants. The AGP subunits in spinach leaf have molecular weights of 54 kDa and 51 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. Both subunits are immunoreactive with antibody raised against purified AGP from spinach leaves (Copeland et al., 1981; Morell et al., 1988). Immunological analysis using antiserum prepared against the small and large subunits of spinach leaf showed that potato tuber AGP is also encoded by two genes (Okita et al., 1990). The cDNA clones of the two subunits of potato tuber (50 and 51 kDa) have also been isolated and sequenced (Muller-Rober et al., 1990; Nakata et al., 1991). The large subunit of potato tuber AGP is heat stable (Nakata et al., supra).

As Hannah and Nelson (Hannah et al, 1975; Hannah et al., 1976) postulated, both Shrunken-2 (Sh2) (Bhave et al., 1990) and Brittle-2 (Bt2) (Bae et al., 1990) are structural genes of maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Sh2 and Bt2 encode the large subunit and small subunit of the enzyme, respectively. From cDNA sequencing, Sh2 and Bt2 proteins have predicted molecular weight of 57,179 Da (Shaw et al., 1992) and 52,224 Da, respectively. The endosperm is the site of most starch deposition during kernel development in maize. Sh2 and bt2 maize endosperm mutants have greatly reduced starch levels corresponding to deficient levels of AGP activity. Mutations of either gene have been shown to reduce AGP activity by about 95% (Tsai et al., supra; Dickinson et al., supra). Furthermore, it has been observed that enzymatic activities increase with the dosage of functional wild type Sh2 and Bt2 alleles, whereas mutant enzymes have altered kinetic properties. AGP is the rate limiting step in starch biosynthesis in plants. Stark et al. (1992) placed a mutant form of E. coli AGP in potato tuber and obtained a 35% increase in starch content.

The cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the AGP enzyme subunits have been reported for various plants. These include Sh2 cDNA (Bhave et al., supra), Sh2 genomic DNA (Shaw et al, supra), and Bt2 cDNA (Bae et al., supra) from maize; small subunit cDNA (Anderson et al., 1989) and genomic DNA (Anderson et al., 1991) from rice; and small and large subunit cDNAs from spinach leaf (Morell et al., supra) and potato tuber (Muller-Rober et al., supra; Nakata et al., supra). In addition, cDNA clones have been isolated from wheat endosperm and leaf tissue (Olive et al., 1989) and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf (Lin et al., 1988). Amino acid sequences of a maize and potato tuber small subunit of AGP, and the nucleotide sequences of the genes that encode them, have been deposited at Genbank under accession numbers AF334959 and X61186, respectively.

AGP functions as an allosteric enzyme in all tissues and organisms investigated to date. The allosteric properties of AGP were first shown to be important in E. coli. A glycogen-overproducing E. coli mutant was isolated and the mutation mapped to the structural gene for AGP, designated as glyC. The mutant E. coli, known as glyC-16, was shown to be more sensitive to the activator, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, and less sensitive to the inhibitor, cAMP (Preiss, 1984). Although plant AGP's are also allosteric, they respond to different effector molecules than bacterial AGP's. In plants, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) functions as an activator while phosphate (PO₄) serves as an inhibitor (Dickinson et al., supra).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention concerns chimeric AGP subunit proteins and polynucleotides that encode the chimeric proteins. The subject invention provides for mutant AGP enzymes comprising a chimeric subunit of the invention that are less sensitive to inorganic phosphate than wild type AGP enzymes. In one embodiment, the AGP subunit is a small subunit of a plant AGP enzyme.

The subject invention also concerns plants comprising a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric AGP subunit protein of the invention.

The subject invention also concerns methods for producing a plant comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention. Plants produced according to the invention comprise AGP enzymes that are less sensitive to inorganic phosphate than wild type AGP enzyme.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows the nucleotide sequence of a chimeric maize/potato small subunit (MPss) of the invention. Residues 1 to 597 come from the maize endosperm small subunit and residues 598 to 1428 (shown in bold type) come from the potato tuber small subunit.

FIG. 1B shows the amino acid sequence of a chimeric maize/potato small subunit (MPss) encoded by the sequence shown in FIG. 1A. The sequence of amino acid residues 1 to 199 is from maize endosperm small subunit. The sequence of amino acid residues 200 to 475 (shown in bold type) is from potato tuber small subunit.

FIG. 2A shows the chimeric MPss described in FIG. 1B wherein the top and bottom numbers represent the junction location in the maize endosperm sequence or the potato tuber sequence. The chimeric protein consists of the N-terminal 199 residues from maize endosperm (white rectangle) and the C-terminus from potato tuber (hatched rectangle).

FIG. 2B shows the sequence at the junction wherein the arrow points to the junction.

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of activity levels in potato tuber AGP, maize endosperm AGP, and a mutant AGPase comprising a chimeric maize/potato small subunit of the invention and maize wild type large subunit (MPss/MMls). Units represent nM ATP consumed per minute/mg protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO. 1 is the amino acid sequence of an exemplified chimeric AGP small subunit protein of the present invention.

SEQ ID NO. 2 is a nucleotide sequence that encodes an exemplified chimeric AGP small subunit protein of the present invention having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1.

SEQ ID NO. 3 is an amino acid sequence of a chimeric AGP small subunit protein of the present invention.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention concerns chimeric AGP subunit proteins and polynucleotides that encode the proteins. In one embodiment, the chimeric AGP subunit comprises portions of AGP small subunit proteins from two or more different plants. When a chimeric small subunit protein of the invention is expressed with a large subunit of AGP, the expressed AGP enzyme is less sensitive to inorganic phosphate than wild type AGP, such as AGP from maize endosperm. Decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate of an AGP enzyme in a plant has been associated with changes in certain yield parameters of the plant, such as increased seed weight, increased seed number, etc. The subject invention also concerns AGP enzymes comprising a chimeric subunit of the invention. The non-chimeric subunits of the AGP enzyme can have a wild type sequence or a sequence having one or more mutations, such as a mutation that confers increased seed weight, increased plant biomass, and increased stability to heat stress conditions.

In one embodiment, a chimeric protein of the present invention comprises an N-terminus sequence having approximately the first 150 to 250 amino acids of the N-terminus of a first plant AGP small subunit and a C-terminus sequence comprising approximately the terminal 300 residues or less of the C-terminus of a second plant AGP small subunit. Thus, the C-terminus of the chimeric subunit can comprise the terminal 300, or 299, or 298, or 297, or 296, or 295, and so forth, residues of the C-terminus of the second plant. The subunit sequences can be from an AGP of a monocot or dicot plant, or both a monocot and a dicot. Monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, maize, lilies, and millet are included within the scope of the invention. Dicot plants can include, for example, tobacco, soybean, potato, sweet potato, radish, cabbage, rape, apple tree, and lettuce.

In one embodiment, the first 200 or so amino acids of the N-terminus of the chimeric protein are from the N-terminus of maize endosperm small subunit and the C-terminus amino acids are from the C-terminus of potato tuber small subunit. In a specific embodiment, the C-terminus region of a chimeric protein of the present invention comprises the terminal 276 amino acids of the small subunit of potato tuber. In an exemplified embodiment, the chimeric protein comprises a portion of the small subunit of maize endosperm AGP and a portion of the small subunit of potato tuber AGP. The exemplified protein contains the first 199 amino acids (i.e., amino acids 1 through 199) from the small subunit of maize endosperm AGP and the carboxyl terminal end of the small subunit of potato tuber AGP, starting at amino acid 246 (i.e., amino acids 246 through 521) using the amino acid sequence shown for the protein deposited as Genbank accession number X61186 (or, alternatively, starting at amino acid 175 using the numbering system for the potato AGP subunit as in Hannah et al., 2001). The amino acid sequence of the exemplified chimeric AGP small subunit protein is shown in FIG. 1B. A nucleotide sequence that encodes the exemplified small subunit protein is shown in FIG. 1A. Allelic variants of small subunit protein are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. For example, at amino acid residue 103 of FIG. 1B (SEQ ID NO. 1), the proline can be replaced by an alanine or a threonine amino acid. When expressed in an E. coli bacterial expression system, a mutant AGP enzyme comprising the exemplified chimeric small subunit exhibited 16.7 more activity than the standard maize endosperm enzyme expressed in E. coli. In the absence of a physiological activator, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA), the mutant AGP enzyme exhibited 38.9 times the activity of the standard maize endosperm enzyme.

In those embodiments wherein the chimeric subunit protein comprises plant small subunit sequences and is expressed in conjunction with a non-chimeric large subunit of AGP, then the large subunit can be a large subunit from any plant species. In an exemplified embodiment wherein the chimeric subunit has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 3, the large subunit is from maize endosperm AGP.

The subject invention also concerns the polynucleotides that encode the chimeric subunit proteins of the invention. The polynucleotides can comprise nucleotide sequence that only encodes protein, or the polynucleotide can comprise protein coding sequence and non-coding sequences, such as introns found in genomic sequences. Polynucleotides encoding the chimeric subunit proteins of the invention can be prepared using standard techniques known in the art.

Plants (and progeny thereof) and plant tissue bred to contain or transformed with a polynucleotide of the invention, and capable of expressing a chimeric AGP subunit protein of the invention encoded by the polynucleotide, are also contemplated by the present invention. Techniques for transforming plants with a polynucleotide are known in the art and include biolistic bombardment, electroporation, viral-mediated transformation, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The plant can be a monocot or a dicot. Monocotyledonous plants, such as rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, maize, lilies, and millet are included within the scope of the invention. In one embodiment, the plant is a cereal plant. Cereal plants contemplated include, for example, maize (Zea mays), wheat, barley, and rice. Preferably, the cereal plant is maize. Dicot plants incorporating the subject polynucleotides can include, for example, tobacco, soybean, potato, sweet potato, radish, cabbage, rape, apple tree and lettuce. Plants having a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric protein of the invention can be grown from seeds or plant tissue that comprise the polynucleotide encoding the chimeric protein in their genome.

The subject invention also concerns methods for producing a plant that has a decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate, wherein in one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the present invention encoding a chimeric AGP subunit polypeptide is introduced into a plant cell. Techniques for transforming plants with a polynucleotide are known in the art and include biolistic bombardment, electroporation, viral-mediated transformation, and Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Cells in which the polynucleotide has been incorporated into the genome of the cell can then be propagated and plants or plant tissue obtained therefrom. Plants so obtained can then be propagated or bred with other plants.

Regulatory elements can be used to regulate the expression of a polynucleotide of the invention. These elements can either be regulatory elements that are normally found associated with the coding sequence of an AGP gene (homologous regulatory element) or they can be heterologous regulatory elements. Numerous homologous and heterologous regulatory elements are known in the art and can readily be used to prepare expression constructs for use in the present invention. Transcription initiation regions, for example, can include any of the various opine initiation regions, such as octopine synthase (OCS), mannopine synthase (MAS), and nopaline synthase (NOS) that are found in the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Alternatively, plant viral promoters can also be used, such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S or 19S promoter (and including the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter), to control gene expression in a plant. Plant promoters such as prolifera promoter, fruit-specific promoters, Ap3 promoter, heat shock promoters, and seed-specific promoters, such as the promoter from a β-phaseolin gene (of kidney bean) or a glycinin gene (of soybean), and others, can also be used. In one embodiment, regulatory elements used with the present invention direct expression of polynucleotides of the invention specifically in seeds.

Constitutive promoters (such as the CaMV, ubiquitin, actin, or NOS promoter), organ-specific promoters (such as the E8 promoter from tomato), and inducible promoters (such as heat-, light-, hormone-, and chemically-inducible promoters) are contemplated for use with the polynucleotides of the invention. Promoters can be ligated to the protein encoding region of a polynucleotide using standard techniques known in the art. The expression construct may be further optimized by employing supplemental elements such as transcription terminators and/or enhancer elements.

In the construction of heterologous promoter/structural gene combination, the promoter can be positioned about the same distance from the heterologous transcription start site as it is from the transcription start site in its natural genetic environment. As is known in the art, however, some variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.

For expression in plants, the expression construct may optionally contain, in addition to the protein encoding sequence, a plant promoter region, a transcription initiation site and a transcription termination sequence. Unique restriction enzyme sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the expression construct can be included to allow for easy insertion into a preexisting vector. Transcription termination regions that can be used in an expression construct of the invention include, but are not limited to, the octopine synthase or nopaline synthase 3′ terminator regions, downstream of the structural gene to provide for efficient termination. The termination region may be obtained from the same gene as the promoter sequence or may be obtained from different genes. DNA sequences which direct polyadenylation of the mRNA encoded by the structure gene are also commonly included in the vector construct.

Expression constructs can also include one or more dominant selectable marker genes, including genes encoding antibiotic resistance and herbicide-resistance for selecting transformed plant cells. Antibiotic-resistance genes can provide for resistance to one or more of the following antibiotics: hygromycin, kanamycin, bleomycin, G418, streptomycin, paromomycin, and spectinomycin. Herbicide-resistance genes can provide for resistance to phosphinothricin acetyltransferase or glyphosate. Other markers used for plant cell transformation screening include genes encoding β-glucuronidase, luciferase, or green fluorescence protein.

Polynucleotides of the present invention can be composed of either RNA or DNA. Preferably, the polynucleotides are composed of DNA. The subject invention also encompasses those polynucleotides that are complementary in sequence to the polynucleotides disclosed herein.

Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a variety of different polynucleotide sequences can encode the chimeric AGP subunit proteins of the present invention. In addition, it is well within the skill of a person trained in the art to create alternative polynucleotide sequences encoding the same, or essentially the same, polypeptides of the subject invention. These variant or alternative polynucleotide sequences are within the scope of the subject invention. As used herein, references to “essentially the same” sequence refers to sequences which encode amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions which do not materially alter the functional activity of the chimeric subunit proteins described herein.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide sequence” refer to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompass known analogs of natural nucleotides that can function in a similar manner as naturally-occurring nucleotides. The polynucleotide sequences include both the DNA strand sequence that is transcribed into RNA and the RNA sequence that is translated into protein. The polynucleotide sequences include both full-length sequences as well as shorter sequences derived from the full-length sequences. It is understood that a particular polynucleotide sequence includes the degenerate codons of the native sequence or sequences which may be introduced to provide codon preference in a specific host cell. Allelic variations of the exemplified sequences are also included within the scope of the subject invention. The polynucleotide sequences falling within the scope of the subject invention further include sequences which specifically hybridize with a chimeric sequence of the invention under high stringency conditions. Such hybridization conditions are conventional in the art (see, e.g., Maniatis et al., 1989). The polynucleotide includes both the sense and antisense strands as either individual strands or in the duplex.

Substitution of amino acids other than those specifically exemplified in the chimeric protein disclosed herein are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention. Amino acids can be placed in the following classes: non-polar, uncharged polar, basic, and acidic. Conservative substitutions whereby a chimeric AGP polypeptide having an amino acid of one class is replaced with another amino acid of the same class fall within the scope of the subject invention so long as the polypeptide having the substitution still exhibits less sensitivity to phosphate relative to a wild type polypeptide. Table 1 below provides a listing of examples of amino acids belonging to each class.

TABLE 1 Class of Amino Acid Examples of Amino Acids Nonpolar Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, Phe, Trp Uncharged Polar Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln Acidic Asp, Glu Basic Lys, Arg, His

Substitution of amino acids other than those specifically exemplified or naturally present in an AGP polypeptide are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention. For example, non-natural amino acids can be substituted for the amino acids of the AGP polypeptide, so long as the AGP polypeptide having substituted amino acids retains substantially the same biological activity as the AGP polypeptide in which amino acids have not been substituted. Examples of non-natural amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, citrulline, hydroxyproline, homoserine, phenylglycine, taurine, iodotyrosine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, α-amino isobutyric acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, 2-amino butyric acid, γ-amino butyric acid, ε-amino hexanoic acid, 6-amino hexanoic acid, 2-amino isobutyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, norleucine, norvaline, sarcosine, homocitrulline, cysteic acid, τ-butylglycine, τ-butylalanine, phenylglycine, cyclohexylalanine, β-alanine, fluoro-amino acids, designer amino acids such as β-methyl amino acids, C-methyl amino acids, N-methyl amino acids, and amino acid analogues in general. Non-natural amino acids also include amino acids having derivatized side groups. Furthermore, any of the amino acids in the protein can be of the D (dextrorotary) form or L (levorotary) form.

The subject invention also concerns polynucleotides which encode fragments of the a length chimeric subunit protein, so long as those fragments retain substantially the same functional activity as full length protein. The fragments of chimeric subunit protein encoded by these polynucleotides are also within the scope of the present invention.

Polynucleotides and proteins of the subject invention can also be defined in terms of more particular identity and/or similarity ranges with those exemplified herein. The sequence identity will typically be greater than 60%, preferably greater than 75%, more preferably greater than 80%, even more preferably greater than 90%, and can be greater than 95%. The identity and/or similarity of a sequence can be 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% as compared to a sequence exemplified herein. Unless otherwise specified, as used herein percent sequence identity and/or similarity of two sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990), modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al. (1990). BLAST searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain sequences with the desired percent sequence identity. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be used as described in Altschul et al. (1997). When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (NBLAST and XBLAST) can be used. See NCBI/NIH website.

The subject invention also contemplates those polynucleotide molecules having sequences which are sufficiently homologous with the polynucleotide sequences exemplified herein so as to permit hybridization with that sequence under standard stringent conditions and standard methods (Maniatis et al., supra). As used herein, “stringent” conditions for hybridization refers to conditions wherein hybridization is typically carried out overnight at 20–25° C. below the melting temperature (Tm) of the DNA hybrid in 6×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.1% SDS, 0.1 mg/ml denatured DNA. The melting temperature is described by the following formula (Beltz et al., 1983):

Tm=81.5 C+16.6 Log[Na+]+0.41(%G+C)−0.61(% formamide)−600/length of duplex in base pairs.

Washes are typically carried out as follows:

-   -   (1) Twice at room temperature for 15 minutes in 1×SSPE, 0.1% SDS         (low stringency wash).     -   (2) Once at Tm−20 C for 15 minutes in 0.2×SSPE, 0.1% SDS         (moderate stringency wash).

The polynucleotide molecules of the subject invention can be used to transform plants to express a mutant AGP enzyme comprising a chimeric subunit polypeptide of the invention in those plants. In addition, the polynucleotides of the subject invention can be used to express recombinant protein.

The chimeric AGP small subunit proteins of the present invention can be expressed in conjunction with the expression of polynucleotides that encode a large subunit of AGP that contains a mutation that has been shown to confer increased seed weight, increased seed number, increased Harvest Index, and/or increased total plant mass, e.g., Rev 6, and/or a mutation(s) that has been shown to confer increased resistance to heat stress (e.g., HS33, HS40, etc.) to a plant expressing an AGP large subunit protein comprising these mutations. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,618 and 5,650,557, and published international patent application WO 01/64928 regarding mutations that confer increased seed weight, etc. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,300 and published international patent application WO 99/58698 regarding mutations that confer increased resistance to heat stress. Published international patent application WO 01/64928 describes mutations that confer increased total seed number, total plant biomass, etc. Thus, the subject invention also concerns mutant AGP enzymes that comprise a chimeric AGP small subunit polypeptide of the invention and wild type AGP large subunit and/or a mutant AGP large subunit that provides a desirable characteristic or condition, such as increased seed weight and/or heat stability.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE 1

Expression of AGP Enzymes in E. coli

A plasmid containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a small AGP subunit (maize or potato) or a chimeric small subunit of the present invention was transformed into Escherichia coli AC70R1-504 containing the wild type Sh2 or potato large AGP subunit coding region on a compatible expression vector (Giroux et al., 1996). AC70R1-504 lacks the endogenous bacterial AGP because of mutation at glgC (Iglesias et al., supra). Bacteria were plated on the medium used by Govons et al. (Govons et al., 1969) except the glucose concentration was reduced to 0.1%.

A 2-ml Luria broth culture containing spectinomycin (100 μg/ml) and kanamycin (75 μg/ml) was inoculated from a glycerol stock of AC70R1-504 E. coli cells expressing wild type or mutant AGP enzyme and grown overnight at 37° C. This culture was used to inoculate a 100-ml culture of Luria broth (100 μg/ml of spectinomycin and 75 μg/ml of kanamycin). The culture was grown to an OD₆₀₀=1.2 and induced for 12 hours by addition of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside and nalidixic acid at final concentrations of 0.2 mM and 25 μg/ml, respectively. Cells were harvested as previously described (Greene et al., 1996b, supra). The cell pellet was resuspended at 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 10 mM KPi, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM EDTA, 20% sucrose, and 30% ammonium sulfate. DTT (1 mM), 50 μg/ml of lysozyme, 1 μg/ml of pepstatin, 1 μg/ml of leupeptin, 10 μg/ml of chymostatin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 1 mM benzamidine were added just before use. Lysate was sonicated three times for 10 seconds with incubation on ice between steps. Sample was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,500 rpm at 4° C., and the supernatant was stored on ice. AGP enzyme activity of crude extract was determined by the pyrophosphorolysis assay (Greene et al., 1996a, supra).

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation and Assay of AGP Enzymes

Table 2 shows 3-PGA activation of various AGP enzymes. “PPss/PPls” represents an AGP enzyme comprising the potato small subunit and potato large subunit. “MMss/MMls” represents an AGP enzyme comprising the maize small subunit and maize large subunit. “MPss/MMls” represents a mutant AGP enzyme comprising the chimeric maize/potato small subunit exemplified herein with a maize large subunit. The numbers in parenthesis in the Ka column represent standard deviations.

TABLE 2 Activation fold Ka (mM) Cooperativity PPss/PPls 28 fold 0.02 (0.008) H MMss/MMls 3 to 6 fold 0.40 (0.06) H MPss/MMls 1.2 fold 3.72 (0.34) S (ñ = 0.7)

Table 3 shows phosphate inhibition of PPss/PPls, MPss/MMls, and MMss/MMls AGP enzyme as described for Table 2.

TABLE 3 PPss/PPls MPss/MMls MMss/MMls Activity without 3-PGA (U) 0.5 292 7.5 Activity with 3-PGA (U) 12.5 350 21

EXAMPLE 3

Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity from a Chimeric Small Subunit in the Absence of Large Subunit

In addition to exhibiting extremely high levels of activity both in the presence and absence of the activator, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, the mosaic small subunit (MPss) of the invention exhibited significant activity when expressed in the absence of a large subunit of AGP.

In one experiment, adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity was measured from E. coli cells expressing only a mosaic small subunit of the present invention. The plasmid containing the large subunit of this enzyme was not present. Mutant E. coli cells were grown as described previously except that only kanamycin was present as a selective agent. In addition, E. coli cells expressing both the wild type maize small and large subunits were grown and enzyme activity was extracted from both cultures.

Enzyme assays were performed for 30 minutes at pH 7.5 in the presence of 2 mM glucose-1-P, 1.5 mM ATP, 10 mM 3 PGA. Averaged over two enzyme dilutions, E. coli cells expressing only the mosaic small subunit of the invention had 33% of the activity associated with cells expressing wild type maize AGP (i.e., both large and small wild type subunits). Activity observed was 18,572 and 23,800 cpm for maize wild type and 6,007 and 7,890 cpm from cells containing only the mosaic small subunit.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.

REFERENCES

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1. A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) subunit protein that, when expressed with a large subunit of AGP to form an AGP enzyme, said AGP enzyme exhibits decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate relative to wildtype maize endosperm AGP enzyme, wherein said chimeric protein comprises an N-terminus sequence that comprises the first 150 to 250 amino acids of the N-terminus region of a maize endosperm AGP small subunit protein and a C-terminus sequence that comprises the terminal 275 to 300 residues of the C-terminus region of a potato tuber AGP small subunit protein.
 2. The polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO.
 3. 3. The polynucleotide according to claim 1, wherein said polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.
 2. 4. A transgenic plant, plant tissue, or seed comprising a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) subunit protein that, when expressed with a large subunit of AGP to form an AGP enzyme, said AGP enzyme exhibits decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate relative to wildtype maize endosperm AGP enzyme, wherein said chimeric protein comprises an N-terminus sequence that comprises the first 150 to 250 amino acids of the N-terminus region of a maize endosperm AGP small subunit protein and a C-terminus sequence that comprises the terminal 275 to 300 residues of the C-terminus region of a potato tuber AGP small subunit protein.
 5. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 4, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO.
 3. 6. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 4, wherein said polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.
 2. 7. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 5, wherein said plant also expresses the maize large subunit of AGP.
 8. A method for decreasing the sensitivity of AGP enzymes in a plant to inorganic phosphate, comprising introducing into a plant a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) subunit protein that, when expressed with a large subunit of AGP to form an AGP enzyme, said AGP enzyme exhibits decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate relative to wildtype maize endosperm AGP enzyme, wherein said chimeric protein comprises an N-terminus sequence that comprises the first 150 to 250 amino acids of the N-terminus region of a maize endosperm AGP small subunit protein and a C-terminus sequence that comprises the terminal 275 to 300 residues of the C-terminus region of a potato tuber AGP small subunit protein.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO.
 3. 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein said polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.
 2. 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein said plant also expresses the maize large subunit of AGP.
 12. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 4, wherein said plant, plant tissue, or seed is a monocot.
 13. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 12, wherein said monocot is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, maize, lilies, and millet.
 14. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 12, wherein said monocot is a cereal.
 15. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 12, wherein said monocot is maize.
 16. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 4, wherein said plant, plant tissue, or seed is a dicot.
 17. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 16, wherein said dicot is selected from the group consisting of soybean, tobacco, potato, sweet potato, radish, cabbage, rape, apple tree, and lettuce.
 18. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 7, wherein said large subunit of AGP comprises a mutation.
 19. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 18, wherein said mutation confers increased individual seed weight on said plant.
 20. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 18, wherein said mutation is the Rev6 mutation.
 21. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 18, wherein said mutation confers increased resistance to heat stress conditions on said plant.
 22. The plant, plant tissue, or seed according to claim 18, wherein said mutation is the HS 33 mutation.
 23. The method according to claim 8, wherein said plant is a monocot.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said monocot plant is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, maize, lilies, and millet.
 25. The method according to claim 23, wherein said monocot plant is a cereal plant.
 26. The method according to claim 23, wherein said monocot plant is maize.
 27. The method according to claim 8, wherein said plant is a dicot.
 28. The method according to claim 27, wherein said dicot plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, tobacco, potato, sweet potato, radish, cabbage, rape, apple tree, and lettuce.
 29. The method according to claim 11, wherein said large subunit of AGP comprises a mutation.
 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein said mutation is the Rev6 mutation.
 31. The method according to claim 29, wherein said mutation confers increased individual seed weight on said plant.
 32. The method according to claim 29, wherein said mutation confers increased resistance to heat stress conditions on said plant.
 33. The method according to claim 29, wherein said mutation is the HS 33 mutation.
 34. A cell comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 1. 35. The cell according to claim 34, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO.
 3. 36. The cell according to claim 34, wherein said polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.
 2. 37. The cell according to claim 34, wherein said cell also expresses the maize large subunit of AGP.
 38. The cell according to claim 37, wherein said large subunit of AGP comprises a mutation.
 39. The cell according to claim 38, wherein said mutation is the Rev6 mutation.
 40. The cell according to claim 38, wherein said mutation confers increased individual seed weight on said plant.
 41. The cell according to claim 38, wherein said mutation confers increased resistance to heat stress conditions on said plant.
 42. The cell according to claim 38, wherein said mutation is the HS 33 mutation.
 43. The cell according to claim 34, wherein said cell is a monocot plant cell.
 44. The cell according to claim 43, wherein said monocot cell is selected from the group consisting of rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, maize, lilies, and millet.
 45. The cell according to claim 43, wherein said monocot cell is a cereal plant.
 46. The cell according to claim 43, wherein said monocot cell is maize.
 47. The cell according to claim 34, wherein said cell is a dicot plant cell.
 48. The cell according to claim 47, wherein said dicot cell is selected from the group consisting of soybean, tobacco, potato, sweet potato, radish, cabbage, rape, apple tree, and lettuce.
 49. An expression construct comprising a polynucleotide according to claim
 1. 50. The expression construct according to claim 49, wherein said expression construct comprises one or more regulatory elements selected from the group consisting of a promoter sequence, a transcription initiation site, and a transcription termination sequence.
 51. The expression construct according to claim 49, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO.
 3. 52. The expression construct according to claim 49, wherein said polynucleotide comprises the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.
 2. 53. The expression construct according to claim 50, wherein said promoter is a seed-specific promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, a fruit-specific promoter, a constitutive promoter, or an inducible promoter.
 54. The expression construct according to claim 53, wherein said seed-specific promoter is a β-phaseolin gene promoter or a glycinin gene promoter.
 55. The expression construct according to claim 53, wherein said constitutive promoter is a CaMV promoter, ubiquitin promoter, actin promoter, or nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter.
 56. The expression construct according to claim 53, wherein said tissue-specific promoter is an E8 promoter.
 57. The expression construct according to claim 50, wherein said promoter is selected from the group consisting of an octopine synthase (OCS) promoter, a mannopine synthase (MAS) promoter, a nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter, a CaMV 35S promoter, a CaMV 19S promoter, a prolifera promoter, an Ap3 promoter, and a heat shock promoter.
 58. A method for producing a plant having an AGP enzyme that exhibits decreased sensitivity to inorganic phosphate, said method comprising: a) introducing a polynucleotide as defined in claim 1 into a plant cell and growing a plant from said plant cell; or b) breeding a plant comprising a polynucleotide as defined in claim 1 with another plant of the same species and obtaining progeny that comprise said polynucleotide. 